??????????????????????

通过对拉压杆概念的回顾以及出现在教科书中几个实例的分析，一方面 说明规范化载荷平衡分析的必要性，另一方面展示杆件分析类型的标准与意义.     

Ply-by-Ply Failure Analysis of Laminates Under Dynamic Loading

Ply-by-ply failure analysis of symmetric and anti-symmetric laminates under uniform sinusoidal transverse dynamic loading is performed for a specified duration. The study investigates the first ply failure load, followed by the detection of successive ply failures along with their failure modes using various failure theories. Some of the well-established failure theories, mostly used by the researchers, are considered for the failure prediction in laminates. The finite element computational model based on higher order shear deformation displacement field is used for the failure analysis and the complete methodology is computer coded using FORTRAN. The ply-discount stiffness reduction scheme is employed to modify the material properties of the failed lamina. The failure theories used in the analysis are compared according to their ability to predict failure load, failed ply, failure mode and progression of failure. The failure analysis is performed for both the cross-ply and angle-ply laminates with all edges simply supported and clamped. The significance of fibre orientation and stacking sequence in terms of the strength of a laminate and failure progression is also highlighted.     

Translational medicine of the glutamate AMPA receptor

Psychiatric and neurological disorders severely hamper patient’s quality of life. Despite their high unmet needs, the development of diagnostics and therapeutics has only made slow progress. This is due to limited evidence on the biological basis of these disorders in humans. Synapses are essential structural units of neurotransmission, and neuropsychiatric disorders are considered as “synapse diseases”. Thus, a translational approach with synaptic physiology is crucial to tackle these disorders. Among a variety of synapses, excitatory glutamatergic synapses play central roles in neuronal functions. The glutamate α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole propionic acid receptor (AMPAR) is a principal component of glutamatergic neurotransmission; therefore, it is considered to be a promising translational target. Here, we review the limitations of current diagnostics and therapeutics of neuropsychiatric disorders and advocate the urgent need for the promotion of translational medicine based on the synaptic physiology of AMPAR. Furthermore, we introduce our recent translational approach to these disorders by targeting at AMPARs.     

连续体结构拓扑优化应力约束凝聚化的ICM方法

为克服应力约束下拓扑优化问题约束数目多、应力敏度计算量大的困难，提出 了应力约束化凝聚化的ICM方法. 在利用Mises强度理论将应力约束转换成应变能约束后， 提出了应力约束凝聚化的两条途径：其一为应力全局化的方法，其二为应力约束集成化的方 法. 由此建立了多工况下以重量为目标、以凝聚化应变能为约束的连续体结构优化模型，并 利用对偶理论对优化模型进行了求解. 4个数值算例表明：该方法具有较高的计算效率，得 到的拓扑结构比较合理，不仅适用于二维连续体结构，也适用于三维连续体结构.     

Multi-scale finite element analyses of sheet metals by using SEM-EBSD measured crystallographic RVE models

In this study, two multi-scale analyses codes are newly developed by combining a homogenization algorithm and an elastic/crystalline viscoplastic finite element (FE) method (Nakamachi, E., 1988. A finite element simulation of the sheet metal forming process. Int. J. Numer. Meth. Eng. 25, 283–292; Nakamachi, E., Dong, X., 1996. Elastic/crystalline viscoplastic finite element analysis of dynamic deformation of sheet metal. Int. J. Computer-Aided Eng. Software 13, 308–326; Nakamachi, E., Dong, X., 1997. Study of texture effect on sheet failure in a limit dome height test by using elastic/crystalline viscoplastic finite element analysis. J. Appl. Mech. Trans. ASME(E) 64, 519–524; Nakamachi, E., 1998. Elastic/crystalline viscoplastic finite element modeling based on hardening–softening evaluation equation. In: Proc. of the 6th NUMIFORM, pp. 315–321; Nakamachi, E., Hiraiwa, K., Morimoto, H., Harimoto, M., 2000a. Elastic/crystalline viscoplastic finite element analyses of single- and poly-crystal sheet deformations and their experimental verification. Int. J. Plasticity 16, 1419–1441; Nakamachi, E., Xie, C.L., Harimoto, M., 2000b. Drawability assessment of BCC steel sheet by using elastic/crystalline viscoplastic finite element analyses. Int. J. Mech. Sci. 43, 631–652); (1) a “semi-implicit” finite element (FE) code and (2) a “dynamic explicit” FE code. These were applied to predict the plastic strain induced yield loci and the formability of sheet metal in the macro scale, and simultaneously the crystal texture and hardening evolutions in the micro scale. The isotropic and kinematical hardening laws are employed in the crystalline plasticity constitutive equation. For the multi-scale structure, two-scales are considered. One is a microscopic polycrystal structure and the other a macroscopic elastic plastic continuum. We measure crystal morphologies by using the SEM-EBSD apparatus with a unit of about 3.8 μm voxel, and define a three dimensional (3D) representative volume element (RVE) for the micro polycrystal structure, which satisfy the periodicity condition of crystal orientation distribution. A “micro” finite element modeling technique is newly established to minimize the total number of finite elements in the micro scale. Next, the “semi-implicit” crystallographic homogenization FE code, which employs the SEM-EBSD measured RVE, is applied to the 99.9% pure-iron uni-axial tensile problem to predict the texture evolution and the subsequent yield loci in the various strain paths. These “semi implicit” results reveal that the plastic strain induced anisotropy in the micro and macro levels can be predicted by our FE analyses. The kinematical hardening law leads a distinct plastic strain induced anisotropy. Our “dynamic-explicit” FE code is applied to simulate the limit dome height (LDH) test problem of the mild steel DQSK, the high strength steel HSLA and the aluminum alloy AL6022 sheet metals, which were adopted as the NUMISHEET2005 Benchmark sheet metals (Smith, L.M., Pourboghrat, F., Yoon, J.-W., Stoughton, T.B., 2005. NUMISHEET2005. In: Proc. of 6th Int. Conf. Numerical Simulation of 3D Sheet Metal Forming Processes, PART A and B(Benchmark), pp. 409–451) to estimate formability. The “dynamic explicit” results reveal that the initial crystal orientation distribution has a large affects to a plastic strain induced texture and anisotropic hardening evolutions and sheet formability.     

NONLINEAR VIBRATION OF CIRCULAR SANDWICH PLATES UNDER CIRCUMJACENT LOAD

Based on von Karman plate theory, the issue about nonlinear vibration for circular sandwich plates under circumjacent load with the loosely clamped boundary condition was researched. Nonlinear differential eigenvalue equations and boundary conditions of the problem were formulated by variational method and then their exact static solution can be got. The solution was derived by modified iteration method, so the analytic relations between amplitude and nonlinear oscillating frequency for circular sandwich plates were obtained. When circumjacent load makes the lowest natural frequency zero, critical load is obtained.     

Uniaxial ratcheting and failure behaviors of two steels

The strain cyclic characteristics, ratcheting and failure behaviors of 25CDV4.11 steel and SS304 stainless steel were experimentally studied under uniaxial cyclic tests and at room temperature. The cyclic hardening/softening features of the materials were first observed under uniaxial strain cycling; and then the ratcheting and failure behaviors of the materials were researched in detail under cyclic stressing. The effects of stress amplitude and mean stress on the ratcheting and failure were discussed under uniaxial asymmetrical stress cycling. It is concluded that the ratcheting and failure behaviors of the materials depend greatly on the cyclic softening/hardening features of the materials and the stress values of cyclic loading. Some conclusions useful to understand the fatigue failure of the materials presented under asymmetrical cyclic stressing are obtained.     

Steering forces on undriven tractor wheel

The steering forces on an undriven, angled wheel mounting a 6-16 8PR tire were measured on a wheel test carriage at zero camber angle and at 1.5 km/h forward speed in a soil bin with sandy clay loam soil. The lateral force developed was found to be a function of slip angle, normal load, and inflation pressure for a particular soil condition. An exponential relationship could estimate the coefficient of lateral force of the 6-16 tire. The coefficients of this equation were found to be linearly related to inflation pressure. Rolling resistance of the wheel tested was found to be a function of slip angle, normal load, and inflation pressure for the soil condition tested. A linear relationship existed between the rolling resistance and slip angle, where the coefficients were found to be a function of inflation pressure and normal load. The generalized equations developed in the present study for estimating coefficients of lateral force and rolling resistance by taking both the tire and operating parameters into account, were found to be reasonably good by looking at the high coefficient of determination between experimental and estimated values.     

Micromechanical modeling of the elasto-viscoplastic behavior of semi-crystalline polymers

A micromechanically based constitutive model for the elasto-viscoplastic deformation and texture evolution of semi-crystalline polymers is developed. The model idealizes the microstructure to consist of an aggregate of two-phase layered composite inclusions. A new framework for the composite inclusion model is formulated to facilitate the use of finite deformation elasto-viscoplastic constitutive models for each constituent phase. The crystalline lamellae are modeled as anisotropic elastic with plastic flow occurring via crystallographic slip. The amorphous phase is modeled as isotropic elastic with plastic flow being a rate-dependent process with strain hardening resulting from molecular orientation. The volume-averaged deformation and stress within the inclusions are related to the macroscopic fields by a hybrid interaction model. The uniaxial compression of initially isotropic high density polyethylene (HDPE) is taken as a case study. The ability of the model to capture the elasto-plastic stress-strain behavior of HDPE during monotonic and cyclic loading, the evolution of anisotropy, and the effect of crystallinity on initial modulus, yield stress, post-yield behavior and unloading-reloading cycles are presented.